Iyiphi indima yokwenziwa kwe-Oxygen Sensor kwekhiye?

Indlela oxygen sensors iyalinganisa i-exhaust gases kunye nokwesekwa kwekhontrola yemoto

Indlela oxygen sensors iyalinganisa i-oxigen kwi-exhaust gases

Izinhloso zokuxazulula ukusebenza ngokubheka kungakanani ikhali yesikhwama se-exhaust kumaphetheni amaningi ekhaya njengoba kunguqulindlela kuzo. Lezi zinhloso kuzokwenzela ukuba zinemigqa yama-zirconia noma titania okwenza amasinyaliso esiyekelo lapho bezobona ukuhlanganisa ikhali yesikhwama phakathi kwezinyathelo eziyi. Lapho izinhloso zokuxazulula zokuthola amavolti aphansi kwe 0.1 kuya 0.2 volts, lokhu kusho ukuthi kune ikhali elikhulu esikhundleni ngisho nokuphela - kanye nokuthi inxineni yamandla iyasebenza ngokushesha kakhulu. Ngokwesibili, uma sibona amaphesenti amakhulu kwe 0.8 kuya 1 volt, lokhu kusho ukuthi kune ikhali elincane kakhulu esikhundleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona ukuxazulula amandla amakhulu. I-Electronic Control Unit (ECU) ithola lezi zincazelo ngokushesha futhi ingakuthola ukuxazulula amandla ngokushesha kakhulu, ukuze inxineni yamandla ibe yemihlanjeni ngokwesifiso ngokushintshana kwezimo zokulayisha.

Zirconia vs. Titania Sensor Technologies: How They Detect Oxygen Content

• Izinhloso zokuxazulula zama-Zirconia iyisisebenzisa ngokubangelwa, esebenzisa i-ceramic zirconium dioxide element eshiyela i-voltage ngesikhathi inqanaba le-oxigeni linamahhalingo.
• Izinhlobo zase Titania zisebenza ngokubala izindlela zokungena kwezimali fanele kuzonakele i-voltage yangaphandle, lokhu kwenza weziyinto ngendabuko futhi kuphela kwezinye izinhlobo zemibili zase-Europe.
  Ngenkathi zombili zisekela ukulawulwa okuphephile kwe- air-fuel ratio, izinhlobo zase zirconia zinikeza izinketho ezingaphezulu futhi ziyakwazi ukuxhumeka ngempumelelo kuma system zokulula ngokwezinye.

Isikhwama Esivamile Sokunquma Phakathi Kwe-Oxygen Sensor Nase-ECU

Isikhoridhwe sekuhlela umsila sikhululekile kakhulu ukuba yini na imali evela ngokwesicathami esobala ukuthi kutholakala kwezimboni zokungeniswa, kwenza lokhu kanye nezikhathi ezingama-50 kuya ezingama-100 ngokungena ngenyanga. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kubekwe yini na isihlelo esivumelana noma yiziphi izinto ezisebenza ngokushesha. Ukugcina lokhu okufanele kwezimali ezingama-14.7 kuya nezimali ezingana neyodwa kwenza ukuba imisila ibaleke kahle kanye neyodwa ikhala imali. Kunezimboni ezithi abasebenzisa kungakhona ukuthola ukunciphisa kwezimali kuya kuma-10% kuya kuma-15% uma le sihlelo sebenza kahle. Kodwa izinto ziyahamba kancinci uma le zimboni zihambe ngendlela engavumelekile. Uma zingena, i-ECU ayinalo khonjwa kodwa ukubuyela emsakeni wokuhlela okwamanje onamathela okuthiwa ngokuthi isihlelo sokuvula. Yini na le nto? Imisila ibaleka kancinci, iyakhiya kancinci kanye neyodwa ikhala imali kakhulu ukuya kumaqo athinta ukuphela.

Izimboni zokungeniswa eziphakathi nezimboni zokungeniswa eziphezulu: Imisebenziso emsileni wejinji

Izinhloso ezingaphansi kwe-wideband zazimele kakhulu kuzo zinhloso emuva kwe-2008 ngokuthi kuzomele ukulawulwa kwezindleko. Umalusi wazo ukunikeza amadatha okuphezulu (0.01–0.02λ) akuvumeli ukulawulwa okuphezulu kwezinhloso nezinhloso, ukwenza intonjelwano yekatalisitiki yazo kahle nokwesekela izintechi eziphethwe kwezinhloso njengokunikeza amanzi ngqo.

Ukulawulwa okuphezulu kwezinhloso nezinhloso nge-Oxygen Sensing

Indima yesenzor yezinhloso yokulandela izinhloso nezinhloso ukuze kutholwe ukuphezulu

Izinhloso zokuxhumana ne-Oxygen zisebenza njengamathuluzi wezokuxhumana okweminye yezinhloso, zihlinzeka kahle kungathi kunezimalini zokuxhumana nezindlela zokuthunyelwa kwamaphueli ukuze i-ECU ishintshelwe ukuthi ziphi amaphueli azo. Xa le zinhloso ziqala ukuthola ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kweyohlobo neyohlobo kune amaphueli amaningi (imathuba ephuzwa) noma kunezimalini eziningi (imathuba elibonile), zivumela ukushintshwa okuqala kule 14.7 kuya kwe-1 okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lamanzi amaphueli. Lokhu kuyakuvumela ukuthi kube lula ukuthunyelwa kwezinhloso. Imiphumela? Kuneziko elikhulu kuzinhloso futhi kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa kweziko kuzo zonke izinto. Kuzo zonke izinkampani zokwenza izinhloso nezomthandazo, lokhu kuyakuvumela ukuthi kube lula ukusebenza futhi kungase kwenziwe ukuthunyelwa kwamaphueli.

Ukugcina Imilinganiselo Yezokuxhumana Nge-Oxygen Ngezinyathelo Ezinhloso

Kwamandla amandla, isensa yesi-oksijeni iyathumela imvilo yamaxesha nganye kwi-ECU ngokungafani ne-100 milliseconds, ekuvumela ukwenyeliswa kwezilayiso ngokushesha. Le ngxenye yokulawulwa ngokulandelana kuyindlela ebalulekileyo kwi-efficiency ye-catalytic converter - izindlela ezingaphansi kwe-0.5% kusukela kwi- air-fuel ratio engcono kungakhotha ukunciphisa i-converter effectiveness ngo-20-30%, ngokwesicelo se-Tomorrow's Technician.

Isiphikiswano sezingaphakathi kwe-Air-Fuel Ratios kwi-Engine Performance kunye neFuel Economy

Ukusebenza ngokudlulelwe nezinhlobo ezingavumelekile zokungenisa ukunciphisa isithawu sefuel nge-18% (SAE 2023) futhu ukongeza kwezindlela zokukhupha kwe-NOx kaningi, kakhulu ukugcina nokungahlonipisi izindlela zokukhupha.

Isicatshulwa: Ukuthola kwezindlela zokusebenza ngokuhle ngemuva kokubuya kwe-Oxygen Sensor engenakusebenzi

Ukuvavanywa kwama-2024 kubonise ukuthi ukubuya kwezisense zokungenisa ukukhupha kwe-Oxygen Sensor kubambele ku:

• kulungiselelwa kwe-MPG kancane-15% ngaphakathi kwe-1,000 miles kuqala
• ukunciphisa kwe-41% kwezindlela zokukhupha kwe-hydrocarbon
• izikhathi zokulanga kwe-catalytic converter zingaphezu kwe-27%

Lezi ziphelo zibonisa kanjani ukuvikwa kwezisense kuholela ngqo kwezindlela zokusebenza ngokuhle, ukunciphisa izindlela zokukhupha, futhu ukuvikwa kwezindlela zokusebenza ngokudla ngokudla.

Ukunciphisa Izindlela Zokukhupha Ezihlukile: Indlela ka-Oxygen Sensor ukunciphisa i-CO, i-HC, futhu i-NOx

Kanjani i-Oxygen Sensor enikeza amadatha okunciphisa izindlela zokukhupha kwe-CO, HC, futhu NOx

Izinhloso zokuxhumana ne-oksijeni zinesiko elikhulu kakhulu ekulokelweni amaphoyile yekhomisi ngoba zinikeza imininingwane yesikhathi sonke sokuthi kungaphansi kwezimali zokuxhumana ne-oksijeni kwiigasoli zokugcina. Xa ezinhloso zisebenza ngendlela echanekileyo, zikunceda i-engine control unit ukugcina ukusebenza ngokageshemi eminingi kwi-14,7 ku-1 isantya se-afuleyo. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kube lula ukuthi i-HC ne-CO zingaphoywa ngoba ifuleyo isebenza ngokugcwele. Inye yemiphumela evela kule nkqubo ukugcina ubude bendawo yokusebenza. Iindlela eziphume ngale ndlela zingaphoywa amaphoyile a-NOx ngokukhulu-ngthu futhi ngokungenanani ama-63% ngaphansi kwezindlela ezingenakwenzeka ukuzimiswa ngokuphelele ngokwesicelo se-EPA yabili 2023.

Ukuvumela ukusebenza kwe-catalytic converter ngokuxhumana ne-oksijeni ngokucacileyo

Izivivinyo zokuxhumana ngokukhulu kuzo zombili izinhloso zokwenzela zokuxhumana nokulandela ukuphathelene kahle kwezinye izinhloso zokwenzela emuva kokuthi izivivinyo zikhulume ngokuphathelene. Lezi zinhloso zokulandela ukuphathelene kufanele zibe nezimo ezinhle ukuthi zenzeke kakhulu. Uma zonke izinhloso zifunctiona ngokuphelele, lezi zivivinyo singakhuphela amaphoyinti amabi ngekati kwezingu-98%. Kodwa qaphela ukuthi yini okuqala xa lezi zinhloso zingena kwehla – ukusebenza kungena kwezingu-72% kuphela. Lokhu kubaluleka kakhulu kakhulu kungani kwezimali eziphathelene, ngakho ke xa sicinga ngendlela elikhulu lezinhloso zilandelayo ezindleleni ngoku.

Imaphakethe yama-EPA kuzo ukuncipiswa kwezinye izinhloso zokuxhumana

Ukuphakelwa kwe-EPA kubonisa amavili aphakathi ngemvelo yabo yokwethembeka i-NOx nge-43% kanye nezinkanyezi zemvelo zingaphansi nge-37% kunazo ezinezimodi ezithile. Lokhu kuthi kuvikela ngokuphelele amathun 1.2 okwezimali ezingeneliko we-ozon ejabulisa nganye ngalinye–kubeka ukusebenza kwe-sensor yokwethembeka njengesicelo esikhulu ekuvuseleni kwezimali zemali ezingeneliko.

Ukuphikisa ngemvelo yokwethembeka: Yini i-Oxygen Sensors namuhla iyasingatha kakhulu kulo msebenzi wemvelo?

Ukucophelelwa kwezinhlobo zokuphakama kwezinhlobo zokulinganisa zibe yilapho ezingaphezu kwe-0.1%, okuhle kakhulu kunemathela ezingaphezu kwe-3% esetshenziswe yizinhlobo ezidala ezisemaphakathi. Abakhankatha abancane esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinhlobo zokulinganisa ngokuba zingaba yilapho ezikhulu, ngakumbi lapho izinhlobo zokulinganisa zibe yilapho ezikhulu. Bese kubonakala amacala athiwa ngaphandle kokuthi kuthiwa yabo. Kodwa amagenthenthi wezwe ayiziphazamisa ngokucophelelwa kwalokhu ngakumbi lapho kudinga ukuthi izinhlobo zibe yilapho ezikhulu ngokwezimali ezilungileyo ezingaphezu kwe-7 kanye ne-EPA Tier 4. Lezimali zidinga ukuthi izinhlobo zibe yilapho ezikhulu ngokwezimali ezilungileyo ezingaphezu kwe-10% engenakuba yilapho ezikhulu ngokwezimali ezilungileyo ezingaphezu kwe-150k milile. Kungcono lapho uhlobo lwezimali ezilungileyo ezingaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zokulinganisa.

Ukusebenzisa Amasenseyo we-Oxygen ekuqaleni kanye nekuqaleni kwekhiye ukugcina ukuphumelela kwezinhlobo zokulinganisa

Indlela amasenseyo we-Oxygen ekuqaleni (ngaphambi kwekhiye) kanye nekuqaleni (ngemva kwekhiye) amasenseyo we-Oxygen asetshenziswa ngokuxhuma

Izimoto zamhla zinezinhloso zokuxhumana ezimbili zokujola ukuphathwa kwezindlela phansi. Eyokuqala kudlwa ngaphambi kwekhavithi yekhatathikhi fakuna lenza umsebenzi wokubala izinhloso zokujola ezikwamanzi aphansi okwesibili esihlwa ngokugcwele emotweni. Le nkinombolo lithunyelwa kumfundo wemoto lapho kubeke amagqamizo okushayela ukuthi kungaba yini ukuthuthukiswa kwemali. Kunezinhloso evela emuva kwekhavithi yekhatathikhi lapho ibala ukuthi yini okuphuma ngemva kwalokhu. Xa konke kusebenza ngokufanele, le zinhloso zesi besebenza ngokuthi kavithi yekhatathikhi isenzo isenzo sakho sokulungisa lezi zindlela eziphansi. Uma kunezinkinga eziphansi kumatheni wokubala kwezinhloso kuqala wokubala noma kungabi nomdla ongathulwanga emuva, lokhu kubonisa umfundo wemoto noma kungabi yini ukuthi yini okuphathelene nezindlela zokusebenza ngokuhambelana nawo.

Ukubonakalisa ukusebenza kwekhavithi yekhatathikhi ngokuthi kuhlanganisa izinhloso zokuxhumana

I-converter yokukhanya isebenza ngokulula kwezinto zokuguqula oksijeni, ngakho ke sibona isiyini esibekiwe emlandweni esingaphezulu kwe-0.5 volts esikhundleni sokuguqula isibonelo esibekwe emuva kwe-0.1 kuya kwe-0.9 volts. Abasebenzisi bekwaqala kucula okuthile kungumoya lapho bavuma ukuthi isensa zombili zibonisa ukuguqula okufanayo lokhu kusho ukuthi i-converter ayisebenzi kahle faye yizothinta amakhodi afanekayo ne-P0420 kakhulu kwezindlela zomuntu. Ngokwemibuzo, kungekho kwezinyathelo ezingiwe kakhulu ngokuthola ukuthi kunezinkinga eziyisithupa kwezinkwa zokukhanya ngokubheka le data yezensathi zokuguqula oksijeni. Lokho okuqala kohlise kancane kakhulu kwezindlela ezingu-3 engu- nitrogen oxide pollution ngonyaka ngokungafani nezindlela ezi-10,000 zasebenza kahle.

Idatha ye-Oxygen Sensor njengesibonelo esikhulu sokugcina kwezindlela zokuthola ukusebenza kwezinhloso ngokudla

Xa ivolti le-sensa lelaphaya kudlule kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-0.3 volts kusukela kumathini aphindelwe, izifundo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikatalisi zihluka ngokushesha kabangela 19% ngenkathi yezifundo ezahlukene ezokwehliswa kwa-SAE International endulo 2022. Kukhona uhlu lokulandela ukuthi izi-sensa zihlaselwa kanjani futhi na izi-sinye zasemathini aphindelwe kungaba yindlela yokuvumela ukuthi ukwenziwe kakhulu kwezinye izindawo. Ngenkathi yemibono engenziwa ngaphambi kweqenqonto, izinhloso zokulibhayisa zilanga ngokuphindelwe kabangela 28% ngaphandle kokulindela okuthi kutheni kuhle ngisho nokuthi kuhle. Izigaba sishintshiwe kakhulu ngokungafani ne-2008. Beseke amakhahaba athile amanekani kuzo amabili amasensa we-oksijeni esikhundleni seyodwa, lokhu kufakela kakhulu 98% yezinhlobo zasekhanda ezikhona kulo hlobo. Lokhu kunceda abasebenzisa ukuthi bafinyelele kwezinye izigaba ezilandelwa ngokushesha kwezilungiselelo.

Ukusebenza kwe-Sensa we-Oksijeni futhi na ukuvumela kwezilungiselelo kwezinye izivivinyo

Ukuxhuma kusukela kusebenza kwe-Sensa we-Oksijeni futhi na ukuphumelela kwezinye izivivinyo nezinye izinkomba zokulibhayisa

Ukuba une-oksijeni esebenza kuyindlela yonke xa kufika kuzo izivivinyo zokuphuma. Le sesi iyunithi yokontrola injini (ECU) isebenza ngokweqile, ngakho amagremu okuphuma kwezikhwiliwa ayibe ngaphansi kwe-4 gram ngamayili futhi i-nitrogen oxides ingakhona kwe-0.7 gram ngamayili. Le ndawo ephakeme kakhulu yonke yasebenza ngokwesimo esingenhla sika-EPA Tier 3 wokuphila 2023. Kodwa xa le sesi ibamba, le nto iyabangela ukuthi i-ECU isebenze ngokusezingeni olulodwa, okungaba yekuthiwa kwezikhwiliwa zokuphuma kwe-Carbon monoxide kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-5%. Le nto iyinkulu kakhulu kusukela kwezinye izinhlobo zokusebenza kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphuma kwezikhwiliwa kusukela kwe-0.1% kuya kwe-0.3%.

Ukuthiwa i-Sensori Yoksijeni Engenasebenzi Iyabangela Ukuphakama Kwe-NOx Nokuthiwa Ivivinyo Ayiphumeleli

Lapho izinhloso zilahle, zihlukahluka kanjani indlela ekusebenzeni kwezikhombisa ukuthutha. Izivivinyo ezithile kukaCARB zibonisa ukuthi ukuphuma kwe-NOx kungakhona kuphela kwezinyathelo ezintathu zokuthi kufanele kube. Indoda iyaphakama lapho izinhloso zifisela impendulo ezimtime. Lokhu kubangela ama-fuel anengi (umqombothi omkhulu) noma engaphansi (umqombothi oshele). Izinhlobo zomqombothi omkhulu zibangela ukuthi kube nenhlwane engayilahlwa, futhi izinhlobo zoshele zilandelana ngokwengeza kwezindleko zomntu ngaphezulu kwezimali efanayo. Ezinye izimo zokuthi zibangela ukuphuthwa kwezinhlobo zase-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) okuthi zonke siyathanda ukuzivikelela. Abasebenzisi abaningi bokuthi baphawula ukuthi kunehlobo lapho kuthi kungase bengithuthuzwe. Ukuthibela okuphunyezwa kuyisembenyini, futhi noma isihlahla esibonakalayo esingathathwa njengesihlahla sezingxenye ezilahlwa. Lezi zinyathelo zihamba ngokweqile futhi zibangela ukuthi abasebenzisi baphawe ukuthi kungase kube nenhlanhla ngokuphathwa kwabo.

Indlela ephakathi kwe-OBD-II nezinhloso zokuxazulula izimpawu zokwenza ukuphumelela kwezinhlobo zokugcina ukuphuma

Izinduna eziyi-41 zase United States zisebenzisa manje imininingwane ye-OBD-II ngenkathi zivavanya ukuphuma kwezindlela, ukushintsha kusukela kuzo zivavanyo zokuphuma kwezindlela ezinhlelweyo ukuya kudijithali yeminye yeminyaka. Lokhu kuvumela ukuvavanya ngokuvamile kanye nokutholwa ngokushesha kwezinkinga eziphathelene.

Uhlelo lwe-Caliromia Tech-Enhanced Smog Check (2025) lubonakala kuleli xesho, usebenzisa amakhodi wokuvumela isensileyo kanye ne-analysi yemithombo yevolti ukuhlolwa kwezilungiselelo ezinguqukayo emaqakwini amakhulu, ukuvelisa ubuncikelelo kanye nokusebenzela kwezilungiselelo ngemva kalo.

Imibuzo Emaninzi (FAQ)

Yini indima yezivinini zokuxauza ezilenqamulela?

Izivinini zokuxauza zilinganisa izindleko zezinxauza ezigcineni ukuze sicime umehluko wamandla nezixauzo ukwenza ukucima okuphezulu nekwekhumkela amagasi.

Kungakanani izivinini zesi zirconia nezititania?

Izivinini zesi zirconia zilungisa ivholthi ngokulinganisa ukunciphana kwexauza, ngelokho izivinini zesi titania zilinganisa ukutshintsha kwezikhathi futhi zidinga umkhiqizo wokuvumela ivholthi.

Kungakhona singakanani uma ivinini lokuxauza iyahluka?

Xa izivinini zokuxauza zihlukana, i-ECU ishintsha kumodo wokuvula, kubangela ukusebenza okungathulukile kwe-moto, ukongwe amagasi, nokwekhumkela ukuncipisa kwezindleko.

Kungakanani izivinini eziphezulu zezinxauza ezisemthwini wezinye izimoto?

Izinhloso zokugcinwa kwezimali zinikeza ukulawulwa okuphezulu kwezinguqulo zokungena kwezimali okufanele kwezimo eziphambene nezimo zokungena kwezimali futhi kwezinhloso zokwenza okuphezulu.