He aha te kaiako o te Kiriata Oksiniti i te Whakaputanga a Karu?

Me pēhea ngā Kiriata Oksiniti e Whai Whakaputanga Hau e Whaiwhai ana, e Whakauru ana i te Whakahaere Inihua

Me pēhea ngā Kiriata Oksiniti e Ingoa ai i ngā Taumata Oksiniti ki ngā Hau Whakaputanga

Ko ngā kaitirotiro oksinita e mahi ana mā te tirohanga i te rahinga o te oksinita kei roto i ngā kaupeka whakaputanga ki te whakarite ki te mea kei roto i te hau tūmatanui ki waho o te mōhinu. E whakamahia ana ēnei kaitirotiro i te zirconia, te titania rānei e whakaputangia ai ngā whakapua hiko ina kitea e rātou ngā rerekētanga o te taumata oksinita i waenganui i ā rātou anawhā. Ina heke haere te kaitirotiro i ngā whakapua iti, mai i te 0.1 ki te 0.2 volts, ko te nuinga o te oksinita atu anō i te kātata whakamutunga - arā, e kōrero ana i te mōhinu e rere ana i te pāpaku. I te tata ki te kē, mēnā ka kitea e mātou ngā panonitanga teitei i waenganui i te 0.8 ki te 1 volt, e whakaatu ana tēnei i te iti noa te oksinita e toe ana, e tohu ana ki te taumahatanga o te kohinga kora. Ka tūhono te kaitirotiro whakahaere mōhinu ki ēnei panonitanga takitahi, ā, ka taea te whakarereke i te tuku kora takitahi, e pupuri ana i te mahinga kātata i te kaha rawa atu e āhua rereke ai ngā tikanga taraiwa.

Zirconia vs. Titania Sensor Technologies: Me pēhea te kite i te kaha o te oksinita

• Zirconia sensors ko te whakamahia tino nui, ka whakamahi i te kaiwhakarewa zirconium dioxide e hangaia ai te tohu ki te urupare ki ngā rerekētanga o te hau.
• Ngā kaiwhakaaro Titania ka whakahaere mā te ine i ngā rerekētanga o te tūpono me te herea ki te tuku ake i te tohu, e whakapaua ai i ērā atu me te noho ko te nuinga i ētahi waka Ūropi kua tohua.
  Ahakoa kātahi rā ka tautoko i te tāutanga tika o te ōweoweko-o-hau, ko ngā kaiwhakaaro zirconia ka tukuna i ngā wā pokaoti tere ake me te whai wāwā i ngā pūnaha whakaputanga hou.

Wāhanga Tukutuku Ora I Te Wā Kotahi I Waenganui O Te Kaiwhakaaro Hau Me Te ECU

Ko te waihanga aratau mōhini e whakarereke ana i te rahi o te kora e whakarato ana i runga i te mea e rongo ai i ngā kaiwhakauru oksijeni, e mahi ana i tēnei i ia hēkona kotahi mai i te 50 ki te 100 ngā wā. Ko tēnei te waihanga i ngā inijia e karanga ana i te pūnaha mātāpuna kauta kei reira katoa ngā mea e mahi tahi ana i te wātanga o te wā. Kei te pupuri i te tāone iti o te 14.7 ngā wā o te hau ki te 1 wā kora ka whakapai ake i te mōhini, ka iti ake rānei te kora e kai ana. E ētahi rangahau ana ka whakapono kua taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te penapena i waenganui i te 10% me te 15% ki runga i ō rātou utu kora ina pai ngā pūnaha e mahi ana. Engari ka tere te pō ki te tīmata ake ngā kaiwhakauru ki te whakamahinga. Ki te hinga kē rātou, kāore he kōwhiringa ake a ECU engari te hokinga mai ki ngā tautuhinga tūhono e mōhiotia ana hei aratau mātāpuna kauta. Ko te putanga? Ka rere ngā mōhini iti ake, ka whakapai ake i te taiao, ka kai i te kora i tētahi tere whakapāhunu kia tae atu ki te whakarepair.

Narrowband vs. Wideband Oxygen Sensors: Applications in Modern Engines

Ko ngā kaiwhakauru whānui-kaha te painga o ngā tau i muri i te 2008 nā ngā tikanga whakawātea kaitiaki ake. Ko te whai rawa i a rātou ki te whakarato raraunga kaiwhakamahi (0.01–0.02λ) e whakakaha ai i te whakahaere hau-kaiwhakamahi, te whakapai ake i te mahi a te kaitakawaenga, āwhina hoki i ngā tikanga inihini matua pērā i te whakauru tūturu.

Whakapai ake i te Whā Ratonga Hau-kaiwhakamahi me te Whakauru Kaha Kaha

Ko te Kaitakawaenga Oksijeni te kaiwhakauru i te Whā Hau-kaiwhakamahi mō te Kaha Kaiwhakamahi

Ko ngā kaiwhakauru o te hau te whakarato i ngā raraunga kimikimi ki ngā mōhinu, kei te arotake i ngā aha a hau ki te waihanga hei whirihau i te ECU hei whakarereke i te nui o te kora. Ina tīmata ngā kaiwhakauru ki te kite i te tāpiritanga kora (tūnga hua) i te tāpiritanga hau (tūnga makoura), ka taea e rātou te whakarereke tūturu ki te tauā 14.7 ki te 1 he pai rawa atu mō ngā mōhinu parakuihi. Mēnā ka tūturu tēnei, ka pai ake te kaiwhakamahi i roto i ngā pātītī mōhini. Ko te putanga? Ko te nui ake o te kaha mai i te papa mōhini i te wā e iti ake ai te kaha e ngaro ana. Mō te kaihanga waka me te kaiwhakamahi anō hoki, ko tēnei tōaitanga o te whakaritenga he rerekētanga i waenganui i te whakahaere tūturu me te ngaro o ngā rāwekenga.

Te Whakauru i te Tōaitanga Stoichiometric Ki te Whakamahi i ngā Raraunga Oti Katoa

I ngā waka hou, ko te kaiwhakauru oksijeni te tuku i ngā whakapai ake i te tere ki te ECU ia 100 wā kauta, e whakakaha ai i te tukatuka tere o te kora. Ko tēnei arataki kauta he mea matua mō te whaihua o te kaitakawaenga kauta—ko ngā rerekētanga iti noa i te 0.5% mai i te aratau hau-kora tino whaihua e iti iho ai te whaihua o te kaitakawaenga ki te 20–30%, e āta whakaatu mai ana i te rangahau mai i Tomorrow's Technician.

Te Pānga o ngā Aratau Hau-Kora Korekaua ki te Whakahaere Injini me te Whaihua Kora

Ko te whakahaere roa me ngā ōwea hē e iti ake ai te tūmomo kaua atu ki te 18% (SAE 2023) ā, e whā whakare ake ai i ngā whakaputanga NOx, e huritao ai te wareware me te whai kiko i ngā here whakaputanga.

Tatauranga Ke: Ngā Painga Whakaeke i muri i te Whakakapi i tētahi Kaini Hau Hōu Hē

I whakaatu tētahi tātaritanga o ngā waka i te 2024 ko te whakakapi i ngā kaini hau hōu kua wareware kua arahua ai:

• 12–15% te whakapai ake i te MPG i roto i ngā 1,000 mīhini tuatahi
• 41% te itinga o ngā whakaputanga karohydrocarbon
• 27% he tere ake te wā mō te kaihurihuri katalytic kia rere

Ko ngā hua nei e whakaatu ana me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā kaini e whakapai ai i te tūmomo kaua, e iti ai ngā whakaputanga, ā, e āwhina ai i te whirihoranga o te roopu wā roa.

Te Iti i ngā Whakaputanga Hara: Te Kōwae Kaini Hau Hōu hei Iti i ngā Whakaputanga CO, HC, me NOx

Me pēhea e āwhina ai ngā raraunga tūturu o te Kaini Hau Hōu i te iti i ngā whakaputanga CO, HC, me NOx

Kātahi ka tīmata te whakahaere i ngā kaiwhakarato hau, i āwhina i te whakahaere i ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te hau e toe ana i ngā kaiwhakarato. Ki te pai ngā kaiwhakarato, ka āwhina i te waka rere ki te noho pakari ki te tauira 14.7 ki te 1 o ngā taonga hau me te kai. Ko te tikanga tēnei ka iti ake te wāhi e puta ai te HC me te CO nā te mea ka pakaru tere ake te kai. Ko tētahi atu anō hoki ko te whakarite i te āhua o te wera. Ko ngā waka rere e noho ana i ēnei ka whakaputangia he iti noa te NOx e 63% i ngā waka rere kāore i te whakahaeretia tika e ngā raraunga EPA 2023.

Whakakaha i te kaiwhakarato hau ki te whai mōhio e pā ana ki te hau

Ko ngā kaihuri kaitohu e whai whakamōhio ana ki ngā taputapu hau ki te waho me te waho ki te waho kia pai ai tā rātou mahi whakapai ake i ngā rāpoi i te hau. Ko te taputapu waho he whakamātau i te kaha o te hau i muri i te tikanga whakapai ake i roto i te kaihuri. Me pai ngā taputapu kia pai ai te whakapai ake. Ki te kaha ngā taputapu katoa, ka taea e ēnei taputapu te whakaiti i ngā rāpoi e 98%. Engari, mātua arotake me pēhea ka pā ki te kaha o te mahi ina tīmata ngā taputapu ki te ngoikera – ka heke te kaha ki te 72%. He rerekē te rahi o te āhua o te hau e noho ana, inaata hoki te maha o ngā waka e noho ana i ngā ara inaianei.

Raraunga EPA mō te whakaiti i ngā rāpoi mai i ngā taputapu hau e mahi pai ana

Ko te whakamatautau EPA e whakaatu ana i ngā waka e whai hōhonu ana i ngā kaiwhakauru hau e iti ake te whakaputanga o te NOx i te 43% me te iti ake i te 37% o ngā taumaha waenganui i ngā waka e huna ana. Ko te tikanga, kei te aukati i te 1.2 tōne o ngā kirihou e hanga ozōni e pa ana ki te tau mō te waka tētahi – e whakamātautau ai i te hinga o te sensor hau hei kaupapa matua kia pai ake te kounga o te hau ki ngā tāone.

Te whakawhitinga kōrero mō te whakawhanaketanga sensor: He tino māmā ake pea ngā Sensor Hau o te rā ka tūhono ki te whakamahinga o te ao tūmatanui?

Kei te tata ki te 0.1% te whaihua o te tātari makuku o ngā kaiwhakauru whānui, tino pai ake i te 3% e āhua tōke ana i ngā tau ki muri i ngā tau ki mua. E ētahi mekaniko e whakapāhunu ana kē ki te māmā ake o ngā kaiwhakauru i te wā e tōke ana, ā, ina hekeke ngā taraiwa i ngā panoni tere ake i te utu, i te tere rānei. Ka kitea e rātou ngā waehere whai hapa e pakaru mai ana i mua i te wā e hōpakanga ana rātou. Engari kei te pāwhai tonu ngā rōpū kāwanatanga i te pono o te taumata nei nā te mea me whakauru ngā waka ki ngā here o Euro 7 me EPA Tier 4. Kei te herea ngā waka kia noho i raro i te 10% te rerekētanga o ngā whakaputanga hau i muri i te hui i te 150k mīni ki te ara. He mea nui tēnei mēnā ka whai whakaaroa koe ki te whai pānga ki te taiao i te wā roa ki muri i te wā poto.

Te whakamahi i ngā Kaituuru Hau Upstream me Downstream hei Arotake i te Hauora o te Tukatuka Hau

Me pēhea e mahi tahi ai ngā Oxygen Sensors Upstream (i mua i te kauta) me Downstream (i muri i te kauta)

Ko ngā waka o tēnei wā kei te huihui ki ngā kaiwhakauru hau e rua e āwhina ana i te whakahaere i ngā whakaputanga. Ko te tuatahi ka noho tika i mua i te kaiwhakarewa hau ka mahi hei ine i te rahi o te hau ki roto i ngā uira hau tōtika mai i te mōhinu. Ka tukuna tēnei mōhio ki te rorohiko o te waka ka whakatika tūtonu i te taumau kora. E whai ana tētahi atu kaiwhakauru i muri i te kaiwhakarewa hau ka arotake i te mea ka puta ki te taha tuarua. Ina mea katoa e mahi ana i runga i te nuinga o te wā, ka hau te kaiwhakauru tuarua i ngā ine pūmau nō te mea kua oti te kaiwhakarewa i tana mahi whakamau ake i aua hau whakaru. Mēnā he nuinga ngā rerekētanga o ngā ine o te kaiwhakauru tuatahi i te wā e haere ana engari kāore he mea hōu e whakaatu ana i te tuarua, ko tēnei e whakaatu ana ki te rorohiko ake ko te tino pikinga o te whakaputanga katoa he taraweti.

Te whakawhitinga i te kaha o te kaiwhakarewa hau trawhina i te whakarewa tohu tohu o te Kaiwhakauru Hau

Kei te mahi a te kaihurihuri kawakawa i runga i te whakapai ake i ērā ngā nekehanga oksinita, nō reira ka kitea e mātou he tohu tūturu ake i muri i te nuinga o te wā i raro i te 0.5 volts engari kāore i te tauwehenga o mua i waenganui 0.1 ki te 0.9 volts. Ko ngā toa hanga mōhini e mōhio ana kei te hekona te āhua ina ka kitea e rātou ētahi tohu e rua e whakaatu ana i ētahi nekehanga rite, arā hoki kaore te kaihurihuri i tana mahi tika, ā ka whakaputua ngā waehere pērā i te P0420 ki ngā waka hou. E ai ki ngā rangahau, kei te tūhono atu ngā take e waru ki ngā tekau o ngā take e pā ana ki te kaihurihuri kawakawa ki te tirotiro i ēnei tohu o ngā kaiwhakamātao oksinita. Ko te kite i ngā take i te tīmatanga ka tūkino hoki i te tauwehe o te tāone o te nuinga o te kawakawa nitrogena i te tau e toru tāne rite tonu ana mō ngā 10,000 waka kei te ara.

Ngā raraunga Kaituuru Oksinita hei tohu matua mō te mahi roa o te pūnaha whakaputanga

Ina manawa tonu te rere o te hau ki raro i te 0.3 volts i ngā wa tū, i whakaatu mai i ngā whirangi ka pakaru noa te kaitiaki e 19% tere ake i te tau 2022 e SAE International i whakaputangia ai. Kei te whai whakaaro ki te tere e uru mai ana ngā kaiwhakauru ki te whakautu me te āhua o ngā tohu e wātea ana he mea matua mō te whakarite whakatika. Mā te arotake whakamua, ka roa ake te tū o ngā pūmahara e 28% i te wā e takoto ana kia pakaru kia tika ai. He tino rerekē ngā tikanga mai i te 2008. Kei te hiahiatia e te nuinga o ngā waka hiko kaupeka e rua ngā kaiwhakauru hau kau, e uru ana ki te 98% o ngā tauira kei te ara inaianei. Kātahi ka taea e ngā kaihanga te tūturu i ngā whakaritenga hau hōhonu mai i te wā ki te wā.

Mahi o te Kaitiaki Hau me te Whai Tikanga ki te Whakamātau Hau o te Waka

Te Hononga I Waenganui I Te Mahi o te Kaitiaki Hau me te Whakauru Ki Ngā Tikanga Hau o te Tari me ngā Whakamātau Hau

Ko te whai kaiwhakawātea o te hau o te kaiwhakawātea he rerekē tonu te āhua ina tōa ngā whakamātautau hau. Āwhina ana te kaiwhakawātea i te kaiwhakahaere motuka (ECU) kia whakahaere tika i te kaihōpara, kia pakaru ai ngā karaihe hau ki raro i te 4 grama ia mīhini me te hau hōu hōu e kīia ana kia kaua e neke ake i te 0.7 grama ia mīhini. Ko ēnei te tau mātāturinga mai i ngā tikanga EPA Tier 3 o te tau 2023. Heoi anō, ka pīrangi ngā mea katoa ina tīmata ngā kaiwhakawātea ki te whakamahere. Ka tū ake, kāore he kōwhiringa a te ECU engari te whakamahi i ngā tautuhinga kai tāpiripiri, e taea ai e te hau karaihe hōu e neke ake i te 5%. Ko te nui ake i te nui o ngā motuka noa mai i te 0.1% ki te 0.3%.

Me pēhea e āwhina ai te Kaiwhakawātea Hau (Oxygen Sensor) i te Nui ake o te Hau Hōu (NOx) me te Whakamātautau Hau

Ina tūkino ngā kaiwhakauru, ka pā ki te mahi ake i te pono o ngā kaiwhakawhitinga kaiwhakawhiti. E ētahi whakamātau e CARB ana ka taea e ngā whakaputanga NOx te nekeneke ake i te toru neke atu i te tika. Ka pā ki te uaua ake ina kāore ngā kaiwhakauru e uru atu ana ki te tere. Ko te tikanga ko te tino nui ake te kora (tāhuma kaihe) i te iti (tāhuma kōkiri). Ko ngā tāhuma kaihe e whai tikanga ana i te nui ake o te kora kāore i te pakaru, ā ko ngā tāhuma kōkiri ka tāpiri tā te mōweka tōtika o te mōweka. Kātahi ka āwhina kia whakaputahia ai ngā kaiputunga NOx e whai hau ana katoa tātou kia karo. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaitakotoro ka tīmata ki te kitea ko tētahi mea he pāpaku mātou i mua i te whakamātau ake i te manukanuka. Ko te rere tere tere he tīmatanga, tae atu ki te reka kua whakaputua e te huka paraihe. Ko ngā tohu nei ka tīmata ki te rere ki te kaiwhakamahi e whakaatu ana pea he raru ki te tāone ki ō rātou whakahaerenga.

Te Kākāhu Ora o OBD-II me ngā Raraunga Kaiwhakauru Oksinita i ngā Kaupapa Whakawhitinga Ake

Ko te whā tekau mā tahi ngā tūāhanga o te United States e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga OBD-II i te wā o te whakamātau i ngā putanga hau, e neke ana i ngā ine tāpiri hau tuku iho ki ngā tātaritanga papai mōhio. Ko tēnei kaupapa e āwhina ana i te whai mōhio tonu me te kite i ngā raru e tipu mai ana.

Ko te kaupapa Tech-Enhanced Smog Check o California (2025) he tauira tēnei o te aronga, e whakamahi ana i ngā waehere tūmau o ngā kaiwhakauru me te tātari i ngā tauira hauhautanga hei whakakapi i ngā whakamātautau hauwhātata ki ngā tāone nui, e whakapai ake ana i te tika me te whakakaha i te whai tikanga ake.

Pātai Whai Ake (FAQ)

He aha te tuanui o ngā kaiwhakauru hauwai ki te waka?

Kei te ine ngā kaiwhakauru hauwai i te rahi o te hauwai ki te haukotukotu hei āwhina i te tūhononga hau-huakai tino pai hei whakapai ake i te kaiwhakarewa me te heke i ngā rere.

Me pēhea e rerekē ai ngā kaiwhakauru zirconia me titania?

Ko ngā kaiwhakauru zirconia e hāngai ai i te volta ki te hauwai rerekē, i te wā e ine ai ngā kaiwhakauru titania i ngā rerekētanga o te tātenga me te hiahia ki te tuku volta tāwaho.

He aha ka pā ki te kaiwhakauru hauwai ka hinga?

Ina hinga ngā kaiwhakauru hauwai, ka huri ko te ECU ki te aratau kawe, e ai ki te rere pāpaku o te mōhinu, te nui ake o ngā parurenga, me te heke i te whakamahinga o te kora.

He aha i whakamahia ai ngā kaiwhakauru hauwai whānui ki ngā mōhini hou?

Whakaratohia ana e ngā kaiwhakamātau whānui ngā whakahaere tika i te ōweoweko o ngā hau ki te kora, e tika ana mō ngā tānaratanga whakaputanga kaha rawa atu me ngā iniana hinga performance