Izinhlelo zokuthola izinkinga kwezimali futhi zikhona kani kumakhadi?

Izinhlelo Zokuthola Izinkinga Kusebenza Kanjani: Kusukela Ekufakweni Kwempilo Kuya Ekuphenduleni Kwimfihlo Yemoto

Ukuguqulela imininingwane yomhlaba—ubude bezulu, ubukhulu, ukuxhumana—kumaqhosha wekhodi

Amasenseya ebhodi kusebenza ngendlela fana nezinhlekele zomculo phakathi kwemoto, ekhathaza ukuthatha izinguquko zezifundo eziphazanyayo ezaba phansi kwamafutha. Ithola izinto ezithile njengebubi bokungcola komoto, izinguquko zodaba lwesayensi, kanti namahluko ohlangothini wonke lokhu kusuka kumagunya athile akhiwe phakathi kazo. Amasenseya wokulahla ane-themistors ethinta ingozi yabo yesilawo ngokulinganisa ubude bendawo. Ngakwesikhathi esinye, amasenseya okunqoba ane-crystals ze-piezoelectric ezakha ivholthi njengalokho kune-vibration yokumasina komoto okuqukethwe. Leli qiniso likhula ngaphandle kwesiqiniseko sesigaba. Kabefore ekuthunyelwa kikompyutha yomcabango womoto, kuchithwa ngezinqumo nokwenza ukuhlupheka okuhlanganisa ukucimela idatha futhi uhlinze iqiniso elingcono. Esukela kulesi simiso, isiqiniseko sifika kuzivuvuyelo zokuguqula-ku-dijithali lapho siyaguqula ikhowudi ye-binary le-ECU ayidinga ngempela. Okuqondile kanti kubaluleke kakhulu. Xa amasenseya woksiyajeni aphoza okuthile okungcono ngezigaba zokugcwalisa, inqubo ingatshintsha ukufaka kwesayensi ngemizuzwana engcindezile. Lezinyathelo ezinkimbinkimbi ziyasondla kuthini imithombo iyafunda kangakanani kusukela emodeleni edlule ivele iminyaka embalwa kuphela.

Ukusuka kuma-gauge e-analog kuya ezinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ezivumela ukugcinwa okucatshangelwayo nokulawulwa okuzivumelanisa nezimo

Izinzwa zezimoto esizibona namuhla zibonisa ushintsho olukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngogesi ezisebenza zodwa. Emuva lapho abashayeli babesebenzisa ama-dial alula e-analog okushisa ukuze bathole ukwaziswa, lawo kwakumane kuyizibonakaliso ezingasebenzi ezinikeza ukufundwa okuyisisekelo. Manje izinzwa ze-coolant zithumela ukwaziswa kwedijithali ngokuqondile kuyi-ECU (engine control unit). I-ECU bese ihlola lokhu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpawu ezivela kwezinye izingxenye zemoto kuhlanganise nezinzwa zokushaya, izinzwa zokuma kwe-crankshaft, namamitha omfutho womoya. Zonke lezi zibonakaliso zezinzwa ezihlukene ezisebenza ndawonye zakha lokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwezinzwa. Futhi lokhu kuhlangana kwenza okuthile okumangalisayo ekusebenzeni kwezimoto nokuphepha kuwo wonke amabhodi.

• Ukuxilonga okuqagelayo : Amaphethini okudlidliza avela ezinzwa zejubane levili eziphethe ifulegi aguga kuze kufike ku-15% ngaphambi kwezindlela zokuhlola zendabuko
• Ukusebenza okuguqukayo : Izikhungo zokumisa iphazimende nezikhungo zokulahlela kumoya zihlangane ukulungisa izinguqu zomoya-nophondo kwigezi noma kwishedi.
• Ukuzithuthukisa : Izikhungo zocingo lwebhafu nesithwala sobhafu zihlangana ukulungisa uhlelo lwesifti nesivumelwano sokuqhahle kumbhafu ngokugcwele.

Ngokushintsha idatha yezinto ngaphandle kwesiqiniseko seziqiniseko, lezi zikhungo zilungisa izinkinga zezinqolobane ngama-22% kwaye zivumela iziqalelo zokuphepha njengezokulahlela okuphephayo—okuthuthukisa isilingo sobhafu phakathi kwesikidi ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa kwesidima.

Izikhungo ze-Auto njengeyizindawo zomqoka wemithombo yesivumelwano

Izivinini ezintsha zisebenzisa izikhungo ze-auto njengezinto eziphathakileyo zokuphepha, zishintsha idatha ngokwesikhathi ngokwempilo nezintshukumo kumsebenzi owaphilayo. Lezi zinto zihleli izivinini zokuhamba, izindawo zezimali, nezomkhawulo ukuze zithuthukise ukuphazinywa kweziganeko kwaye zilungise ububi bokuhlonywa.

Izisebenzo ezinezimali ezinconywayo ngokusebenza kwezikhungo ze-auto: ukuvuleka kwamaphepha, ABS, nokulondoloza kwebhuloyi

Xa umoto uhluphe, izikhiwo zokumangala zisebenza futhi zibulale amaphepha ngokushesha kakhulu, kuphela 20-30 milliseconds kamva. Ngalesikhathi, izikhiwo zezivelo zithuthukisa izimangaliso kusukela kwi-ABS ukuze amawhele angakhaliwa xa muntu ucinca amabhreki ngokugcwele emshwaleni. Kumaqasha, izivumelwano manje zisebenzisa izinhloso zomjikelezo noma izinhloso zasezamathakweni ukuze bakhetha izivumelwano abachibi abangazwa ngaso ngasekunene nasekhohlo. I-Institute for Highway Safety yatholakala lokhu kuyahluka kakhulu izindlela zokushintsha ngamandla ngaproximately 14%. Konke, lezi zikhathi zezikhiwo ezithandakazi zilahlakaza amandla. Zihlukumeza ukuthintela kakhulu kunezinkulungwane zezishumi zibili ngayinye ngoba zibambekezela izimiso abantu abakhona ngaphandle kwesimo. Ngokuphumelela, i-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ibhala ukuthi abantu abakhona ngaphandle kwesimo kuyizindlela eziphathelene ngokungu-94%.

Ukudwebesana kwezikhathi kwe-ADAS: indlela irathathi, ikhamhala, nesikhathi sasezamathakweni sivumelwano sisebenzisa ngokuxhumana ukuthintela kwezihluphe

Izinhlelo zokunikezela umkululi ezimbili eziphucukileyo esibona ngoku khona kakhulu ibonisa ukuthini izinhlayiya ezahlukene zihlangana kanjani. Lezi zinhlelo ziphatheka iminikelo yasekhanda, izikamera, nezinhliziyo zase-ultrasonic ukuze zenze izimo eziningi zokwazi ukuthi kusenziwa ntoni ngaphandle kwemoto. I-radar inakekela kahle ekuboneni ukuthi isilinganiso sikude kangakanani futhi isandula kangakanani, nokuba kube nenhlava njengeqina eligcwele noma emuva ebomvu. Izikamera zisiza ekuzifundzeni izinto ebona ngendlu, izinto ezithile njengezindawo zezindlela, ukufunda izinkcazelo zendlela, nokubuka abantu abahamba kabusha qala ngaphambi kokuba bafune indlela. Kanti ke kunezinhliziyo eziz ultrasonic ezenza izimpendulo ezidolobheneyo kizinto ezakhikeyo, okwenzela ukuthi kube yidingekile xa ukupaka noma uhamba ngokusheshayo kizindawo eziphansi. Xhuma konke lokhu futhi imoto ibe neminyaka engcono yokuthintela amathuba. Uma inhlelo ibona ukuthi kunazo amathuba okuhlaziywa ngamaqondana amibili angaphezu, izotshisa izibhamu ngamandla akhethekileyo okudingeka. Indima yonke yokuba kunezimo eziphakeme kukuthi imoto ivikelekile noma uma into eyodwa ayisebenzi kahle. Akukho mthetho wokuvikela lapha.

Izikhulumi ze-Engine zokuphatha Inyaniso, Ukudla Kwamathambo, nokukhuseleka

Izikhulumi ezibalulekile zokuphatha umshinelwa — O2, MAF, umbala wamanzi, nokuthakatha — nokwezinga labo ekulungiseni ukusabela

Imoto yasekaya iyisebenza kakhulu kumunye weminyaka yokusebenza ngokuphathelene ukufinyeleza lolunye lwemfundo njengemfundo nezimali ngaphandle kokuphila ngeminyaka yomsebenzi. Ngokomfundo, umgco wokomshini uyahlola kakhulu ukuthi kusuka kweziyekaya ukuthi ikhompyutha lingakulungisa umshimiso wokudla ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kuyakusinika amandla akhethekile kakhulu kwaye kuthinta izinto ezihlukile njengemithi ne-nitrogen oxides ngaproximately 90% ngaphandle kwezindawo ezidala ezingazange zibe naleso mpondelo. Kananjalo, kunezinkinga zokukhanya ezilahlola kangakanani amanzi akhona kumoto (+/- 2%), okuyakusinika amandla okuthi kwenze umshimiso ngalinye phakathi kwezinkwa. Uma kugcwele kakhulu phakathi kwebhulokhi yekhompyutha, izinkinga zokulahlela ziyasebenza ukuvula amafana noma ukulungisa izilingo ngaphambi kokuthi kugcwele kakhulu. Kananjalo, ungakholwa ngokukhanya kwesinkinga—kuyahlola izwi ezihlukile ezibonisa ukuthi kuswele kakhulu futhi kuyenze izinkinga ezincane zokushisa ngemizuzwana zemizuzwana ukulungisa umoto ngaphandle kokulahlela kumsebenzi. Konke lokhu kusebenza ngokuphathelene njengento abasebenzi abasebenza kuthi yindawo yokugcina, kuyakulungisa ngokuphathelene ukuthi umshimiso wokudla kungakho kungani indawo yomoto.

Izinkinga kanye nezinyathelo zezakhepha kwiteknoloji yomkhiqizo wemoto

Umkhiqizo wemoto uphinde uphinde uhlala unakwa izinkinga njengoko ukuthuthuka kwevolva. Okokuqala, ukudibanisa wonke lezi zinhlangano ze-electronic control units yindlela engahlelwa kakhulu kumfaneli. Kantiyena kukhona indlela yonke yokungeziwa kwemipilo engabangeli isebenta, ikakhulukazi lapho izibhamu zikhiqiza i-radhar signals zihlukile. Futhi singazilaleli izinkinga zokuphelelwa kwezimali ezizakha ngaphandle ngezinkulungwane ezithintana nale-intanethi kanye namathululi atholakala ngendlela ezingenazo uhlelo lwesimo. Isinkinga esikhulu futhi silondoloza kuzinhlelo zokuxhumana ezigcwele eyenzela ukuthi izinhlangothi azisebenzisani kakade, lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nzima kakhulu kubambekezeli ukufaka inkinga noma ukufaka izibuyekezo emva kwalokho. Imali iyayisusa futhi. Izimkhiqizo ezifana no-solid state radar noma time of flight lidar ayizukwazi ukufika kumakhariya amabiwe ngokushesha kunoma, nakuba izilawuli ziqhubeka ziqinisa ngakamandla kuzinto futhi njenge-automatic emergency brakes kanye ne-lane keeping systems.

Phambili, kunezintathu izikhathi ezingaphucayi:

• Ukuncinisekile kanye nokufakwa okufakwayo , kuvumela ukuthunywa okuphathelene ngaphandle kokulahlela kwalokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle nokulahlela kwezivumelwano
• Izibalo ezinconywayo zi-AI , lapho amodeli e-machine learning ngaphandle akhuluma izinto ezivela ukuthola izinkinga ngaphambili—kujulile ukulahleka okungadingiwe nguya kuye 35% emisebenzini ye-fleet
• Izivumelwano ezithuthakalisa zezithuthi , ekhuthaza izithuthi, lidar, nezikhathi ezanele kakhulu ezihlanzisayo nezivumelwano ze-V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) ukuthumela izimangalo zeziphumla kumfundiso kanye nezivumelwano ezingenahlangothi

Izibikezelo zemakethe zibonisa ukuthi imboni yezinzwa zemoto emhlabeni wonke ingase ifinyelele cishe ezigidini ezingu-323 zamaRandi ngo-2030. Lokhu kukhula kubangelwa ukuthi izimoto zikagesi nezimoto ezizimele zidinga izinzwa eziningi ezihlanganiswe ezindaweni ezincane kodwa zisasebenza ngokwethembeka. Ukuphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe okusha kusiza ekuxazululeni nezinkinga ezindala. Imiklamo ye-MEMS ezilungisa ngokwayo nezinhlaka ze-ultrasonic ezicubungula idatha emthonjeni zenza umehluko omkhulu. Lezi zinguquko zilungisa izinkinga ezihlobene nokufundwa okungaguquguquki, isikhathi sokuphendula esihamba kancane, nokuthi izinzwa zikhuthazela kangakanani ezimweni zezulu ezinzima. Ngenxa yalokho, sesiqala ukubona izimoto ezingakwazi ukubikezela ukuthi yini engenzeka emgwaqeni esikhundleni sokuphendula ngemva nje kokuba kwenzekile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ayini izinzwa zezimoto futhi zisebenza kanjani ezimotweni?

Izikhungo ze-automobile zizinqubo ezinguqukumbi kumakhina okuhlehlisa nokulinganisa izinguquko eziphicali njengezulu, ukugcogca, nomoya. Ziguqula le mininingwane ye-physics ku imithombo yedijithali eyafakwa kwiinkcukacha ze-computer zamakhina ukuze zinike intetho ethembekileyo njengekulungisa ukunyusa kwesiphiye okanye ukusabalalisa amaphoyintsi.

Kutheni izikhungo ze-automobile zibanjwa ekuphathekeni kwamakhina?

Izikhungo ze-automobile zidiliza indima enkulu kwiindawo zokuphatheka ngokulandela imeko nemikhondo yesihlalo ukuzivikela iintsuku. Umzekelo, izikhungo zokubambeka kuzakhusela amaphoyintsi ngokushesha emva kokuchazwa, ngelixa izikhungo zenkonzo yokuhlala zibanjwa kwiindawo ze-ABS eziphulaphula ukugcogca kwemichiza emva kokubamba ngokushesha.

Ziziphi iingxaki eziphambuka kwi-industri yezikhungo ze-automobile?

Iingxaki zifaka ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula i-electronic, imizekelo yomphakathi engaqhubi iqondo le-sensor, iingxaki zobomi bwebumba, iindlela zakhiwo-mthetho ezithile, nokuthi ukuthuthuka kwezikhungo ezininzi kukhathala ngokuba ikhokelela kucinga.